Tenses

TENSES

Penggunaan Kata Kerja Penuh Be (Am, Is, dan Are) dalam Tenses

Simple Present Tense
I	am			here	now / today / every day / once a month / twice a month / three times a month / on Sundays (= every Sunday) / this morning (= pagi ini).
He	is
They	are
Simple Past Tense
I He	was			here	yesterday / last week / last Sunday / three days ago (= tiga hari yang lalu) / for (= selama) three days / this morning (= pagi tadi) / in 1999.
They	were
Future Tense
I He They	will may must can	be		here	tomorrow / today / next week / next Sunday / for three days / soon (= segera) / later (= nanti) / in five minutes.
Present Perfect Tense
I They	have	been		here	since yesterday / until now / up to now (= sampai sekarang) / for three days / so far (= hingga kini) / in the last (past) few days (= dalam beberapa hari terakhir) / all day (= sepanjang hari) / lately (akhir-akhir ini).
He	has
Past Perfect Tense
I He They	had	been	here		for two days before Ani came (verb II) (yesterday).

Simple Present Tense
There	is			a lot of development	in our country	now.
	are			a lot of advances
Simple Past Tense
There	was			a lot of development	in our country	last year.
	were			a lot of advances
Future Tense
There	will may must can	be		a lot of development a lot of advances	in our country	in a few years to come (= dalam beberapa tahun mendatang).
Present Perfect Tense
There	has	been		a lot of development	in our country	in the last few years.
	have	been		a lot of advances
Past Perfect Tense
There	had	been	a lot of development a lot of advances		in our country	before the Repelita started (verb II).

Kalimat Tanya Ya / Tidak

1.     A: ‘Were (= Apakah) you in the head office (keterangan tempat) yesterday?’

            B: ‘Yes, I was / No, I wasn’t (was not)’.

2.     A: ‘Was (= Apakah) Jono absent (kata sifat) from work last Monday?’

            B: ‘No, he wasn’t / Yes, he was’.

3.     A: ‘Will you (= Apakah Anda akan) be back (kata sifat) (= kembali) again soon?’

            B: ‘No, I won’t (will not) / Yes, I will’.

4.     A: ‘Have you (= Apakah Anda sudah / telah) been here (keterangan tempat) since yesterday

                 / since the seminar began (verb II)?’

            B: ‘Yes, I have / No, I haven’t (have not)’. (Saya masih       berada di sini)

5.     A: ‘Has he been here (keterangan tempat) since yesterday / since the seminar began

           (verb II)?’

            B: ‘Yes, he has / No, he hasn’t (has not)’. (Ia masih berada di sini)

6.     A: ‘Have you been a computer programmer (kata benda) for a long time?’

            B: ‘Yes, I have / No I haven’t’. (= Saya masih menjadi seorang pemrogram komputer)

7.     A: ‘Had he been a manager for a long time before he retired (verb II) (= pension)?’

            B: ‘Yes, he had / No he hadn’t (had not)’. (Ia sudah tidak menjadi seorang manager)

Kalimat Tanya dengan Kata Tanya

1.     A: ‘Where were you yesterday?’

            B: ‘I wasn’t there yesterday, but I was in the branch office’.

2.     A: ‘Why was he absent from work last Monday?’

            B: ‘He was absent from work last Monday, because he was ill (kata sifat). Now he is in Sarjito hospital’.

3.     A: ‘When will you be back again?’

            B: ‘I’II (I will) be back again soon / in ten minutes’.

4.     A: ‘How long (=Berapa lama) have you been here?’

            B: ‘I have been here for two days’.

5.     A: ‘How long (=Berapa lama) have you been a computer programmer?’

            B: ‘I have been a computer programmer for about (= kira-kira) half a year (a half year)’.

6.     A: ‘How long (=Berapa lama) has he been a computer programmer?’

            B: ‘He has been a computer programmer for about (= kira-kira) half a year’.

7.     A: ‘How long (=Berapa lama) had he been a manager before he retired (verb II)?’

            B: ‘He had been a manager for years before he retired’.

Penggunaan Kata Kerja Penuh Selain Be dalam Tenses

Simple Present Tense

Untuk sesuatu yang bersifat umum, contoh:

Computers do your tasks very quickly.

In Jogja, some shops open at nine a.m. and close at nine p.m., and other shops open at the same hour but close at four p.m.

In Jakarta, most employees work for five days a week and they don’t work on Saturdays and on Sundays

In Indonesia, most work begins at seven a.m. and finishes at four p.m.

What time do shops open in your country and what time does work begin at your office?

Untuk sesuatu yang bersifat tetap, contoh:

The girl comes from Australia. She lives with a relative of hers (her relative) at 19 Jl Ki Ageng Pemanahan, Yogyakarta. She studies Information Technology (IT) at Amikom College. Besides she studies at the College at the day time, she also works part-time at a hotel in the city at night / in the night. She is very young, but she doesn’t live on her family.

Untuk kebiasaan pada waktu sekarang dengan Adverbials of Frequency: usually (= biasanya), always (= selalu), often / frequently (= sering), sometimes (= kadang-kadang), seldom / rarely (= jarang), hardly ever (= hampir tidak pernah), never (= tidak pernah), contoh:

We always delete unimportant files.

She cleans the disk drive every day / once a week.

Untuk waktu yang akan datang dengan kata kerja tertentu: begin / start, leave, arrive, contoh:

His exams begin next month.

The plane leaves at 7:30 a.m.

Untuk tulisan dalam cerita fiktif: novel dan sebagainya.

Present Continuous Tense

Untuk sesuatu yang sedang terjadi pada waktu sekarang atau pada waktu berbicara, contoh:

Please turn of the radio. I am trying to concentrate on my work. (= Saya sedang mencoba / berusaha berkonsentrasi pada pekerjaan saya)

Please don’t make so much noise. I am studying.

Untuk sesuatu yang bersifat sementara, contoh:

I am staying here until I can find an apartment.

Untuk suatu perubahan, contoh:

The price of a computer is going up.

His English is getting better.

Untuk sesuatu yang telah diputuskan / telah direncanakan akan dilakukan, contoh:

This is my schedule for next week:

I am making reports on Monday. (Future Tense)

I am attending the meeting on Tuesday. (Future Tense)

I am making reports. (Future Tense)

(= I am going to make reports)

(= I will be making reports)

(= I intend to make reports)

Present Continuous Tense untuk sesuatu yang sedang terjadi pada waktu sekarang; Past Continuous Tense (untuk sesuatu yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau), dan Future Continuous Tense untuk sesuatu yang sedang terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang. Contoh:

John works every morning from 9 o’clock till noon. It is 10 o’clock now. He is working (Present Continuous Tense). At 10 o’clock yesterday he was working (Past Continuous Tense). At 10 o’clock tomorrow he will be working (Future Continuous Tense).

John is an industrious man. He works in a shop. The shop opens at 9 o’clock and closes at 5.30. At 10 o’clock yesterday he was working. It’s 10 o’clock now. He is working. At 10 o’clock tomorrow he will be working. He is never absent from work.

Future Tense

Untuk sesuatu yang diputuskan akan dilakukan pada saat berbicara, contoh:

I think

I suppose

he will come

I am sure

I bet

I guess

Probably / possibly /

maybe / perhaps

I don’t think he will come. (= Saya pikir ia tidak akan datang)

Do you think he will come? (= Apakah Anda pikir / Apakah menurut

                                                      pendapat Anda ia akan datang?)

I will not come to the meeting. (= Saya tidak akan datang ke rapat itu)

                                                            (Penolakan)

I will not be coming to the meeting. (= Saya tidak akan datang ke rapat

                                                                      itu) (Tidak ada kesempatan)

Will you come to the meeting? (=Maukah Anda datang ke rapat itu?)

Will you be coming to the meeting? (= Apakah Anda akan datang ke

                                                                      rapat itu?)

Shall we go there now? (= Bagaimana kalau kita pergi ke sana sekarang?)

(= What about going there now?)

(= How about going there now?)

(= Let’s (Let us) go there now?) (= Mari kita pergi ke sana sekarang) (Jawabannya: Yes, let’s / No, let’s not)

Simple Past Tense

Untuk memberikan pernyataan atau pertanyaan pada waktu sekarang mengenai  sesuatu yang terjadi atau dilakukan pada waktu lampau atau sebelumnya, dan tidak berhubungan dengan waktu sekarang, contoh:

+    ‘He calculated (verb II) the expense yesterday / last Monday / two hours ago / this morning (= pagi tadi) / in 1996 / for two hours’.

      (calculate – calculated – calculated)

-     ‘He didn’t calculate the expense’.

?    Did he calculate the expense? ‘Yes, he did’ / ‘No, he didn’t’.

This is a list of things I did yesterday:

7:30           8:30 typed letters

8:30           9:30 processed data

9:30           10:30 ….

Untuk  kebiasaan pada waktu lampau dengan Adverbials of Frequency: usually, always, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly ever, never, contoh:

Ani and I used to work at the same office. She often got to work late. Her manager didn’t know she often came late because he often came late, too.

When Ani was younger (Simple Past dari penggunaan kata kerja penghubung be sebagai kata kerja penuh), She seldom / rarely went to bed before 9. She often stayed up the whole night

(= begadang) and never got up early.

Past Future Tense

Untuk sesuatu yang akan dilakukan pada waktu lampau, contoh:

Yesterday I called at Jono’s office. When I got there, he would go out with his pretty, new secretary.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense dan Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense untuk sesuatu yang dilakukan atau yang terjadi dalam rentang waktu dari waktu lampau sampai sekarang, dan sekarang masih terus berlangsung. Dengan kata lain, dalam bahasa Indonesia Present Perfect Continuous Tense bisa sama dengan mengatakan sudah / telah / pada waktu sekarang dengan rentang waktu. Present Perfect Tense untuk sesuatu yang sudah / telah terjadi atau yang sudah / telah / baru saja selesai dilakukan pada waktu sekarang. Dengan kata lain, dalam bahasa Indonesia Present Perfect Tense bisa sama dengan mengatakan sudah / telah / baru saja pada waktu sekarang tanpa rentang waktu. Contoh:

Johno is reading a book. He began reading (the book) two hours ago. He is on page 52. He has been reading for two hours (Present Perfect Continuous Tense). He has read (verb III) 52 pages (Present Perfect Tense). (read – read – read)

Johno is studying English. He began studying (English) six years ago. He has been studying English for six years. He has read a lot of English books.

Jono began studying IT at Amikom College in 1999. Now he is still studying at the College. So far, he has been studying there for about nine years, but he has not completed / finished his study yet.

Untuk sesuatu yang baru saja dilakukan dan masih ada tanda tanda akibat perbuatan yang telah dilakukan, contoh:

I am very tired. I have been working hard all day / lately / in the last few days / for hours / since last Monday / so far / up to now

/ until now.

Bandingkan!

I lived in Yogyakarta for two years.    -         I have been living in Yogyakarta for

                                                                  two years. (= I have lived in

                                                                  Yogyakarta for two years)

I mailed the letter yesterday.           -  I have mailed the letter.

Did you see Johno this morning?    -  Have you seen Johno this morning?

Yesterday I went to a party. John went to the party, too. When I arrived at the party, he was singing. When I arrived at the party, he had been singing for a few minutes.(Past                                                  Perfect Continuous Tense yang merupakan                                                  bentuk lampau Present Perfect Continuous                                                  Tense) When I arrived at the party, he had been there for a few minutes. (Past                                                  Perfect Tense dari Pola Kalimat Tunggal I                                                  yang merupakan bentuk lampau Present                                                  Perfect Tense) When I arrived at the party, he sang a song. (= I arrived at the party and                                                  then he sang a song) When I arrived at the party, he would go home. (Past Future Tense                                                  yang merupakan bentuk lampau Future                                                  Tense) When I arrived at the party, he wasn’t there. He had gone home. (Past                                                  Perfect Tense yang merupakan bentuk                                                  lampau Present Perfect Tense)

 

This is the first time I have driven a car.

It is time we went home.

Future Perfect Tense (Bentuk yang akan datang Present Perfect Tense)

Contoh:

Perawan always goes to bed at 11:00. Joko is going to visit her at 11:30 this evening. When Joko arrives, Perawan will have gone to bed.

By (= menjelang) the end of this year he will have graduated from Amikom College.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Bentuk yang akan datang Present Perfect Continuous Tense)

Contoh:

By the end of this year he will have been studying at Amikom College for two years.

Past Perfect Tense / Simple Past Tense

Contoh:

By 1999 he had graduated (Past Perfect Tense) / graduated (Simple Past Tense) from Amikom College.